ENGINEERING PREPAREDNESS FOR DISASTER MITIGATION
Itroduction:
The Oxford Dictionary states that the word ‘Disaster’ is derived from the 16th century word ‘Disastere’ which is a combination of two terms, ‘Des’ meaning bad or evil and ‘Astre’ means star, thus ‘Disastere’ signifies a "Bad star or evil star’, (i.e. bad luck in spiritual terms). Disaster therefore was implying loss or damage occurring due to some unfavorable star. UNDRO (United Nations Disaster Relief Organization) has defined a disaster in more qualitative terms, ‘An event concentrated in time and space in which a community undergoes severe danger and incurs such losses to its members and physical APPERTENANCE that the social structure is disrupted and the fulfillment of all or some of the essential functions of the society is prevented’. However in modern consequences of knowledge, the term ‘disaster’ denotes any odd event, whether natural or man-made which can bring about sudden and great miseries to humanity in terms of loss of life and property. It also signifies misfortune at larger scale or a calamity of considerable amount of a section of humanity. Such calamities events may have sudden destructive impact or may create distress over an extended period. On the other hand , the alternative meanings are similar to that of catechism, catastrophe, tragedy or devastation.
For a rational definition following factors contribute in a typological manner, important are : multiple deaths, serious injuries, severe disruption of normal life pattern, considerable loss of life, livelihood, hardship, resources crunch, property damage, health hazards, epidemics, effect on social structure, damage to infrastructure, buildings, communication and other essentials. Considerable damage and disruption of needs such as shelters, food, clothing, medical assistance and social crisis, disasters involves high magnitude, low probability events, unpredicted and unexpected harm and become worthy of public attention.
All these factors convey an idea of the social stresses created by a disaster. It concentrates losses and implies the mobilization of emergency services. So a disaster can be regarded as particular emergency, suggesting thereby an intense time period and level of urgency. Term disaster is an unexpected happening causing a huge loss of life and property. It is natural as well as man-made. At University of Colarado (USA), NHRG (Natural Hazard Research Group) explains disasters only in terms of their impact upon people.
More than one million in damage or (2) More than 100 people dead or injured. This rule provides the effect of separating the disasters event- destruction, death/injuries from the bigger mechanisms; high winds, earth shocks, lack of rain, excess of water, lava and high Tsunami like waves.
J&K SCENARIO:
Early warning, information of temporary shelters, effects of incoming disaster, evacuation plans and implementation through the use of modern communication system and network coupled with the application of modern technologies in disaster preparedness, search and rescue of survivors, energy and power supply, food supply, storage and safety, water supply, purification and treatment and many more, could serve as timely and vital disaster mitigation tools.The various prevention and mitigation measures outlined above are aimed at building up the capabilities of the communities, voluntary organizations and Government functionaries at all levels. Particular stress is being laid on ensuring that these measures are institutionalized considering the vast population and the geographical area of the country. This is a major task being undertaken by the Government to put in place mitigation measures for vulnerability reduction. This is just a beginning. The ultimate goal is to make prevention and mitigation a part of normal day-to-day life. The above mentioned initiatives will be put in place and information disseminated over a period of five to eight years. We have a firm conviction that with these measures in place, we could say with confidence that disasters like Orissa cyclone and Bhuj earthquake will not be allowed to recur in this country; at least not at the cost, which the country has paid in these two disasters in terms of human lives, livestock, loss of property and means of livelihood.USEFUL DATA ABOUT NATURAL DISASTERS
Itroduction:
The Oxford Dictionary states that the word ‘Disaster’ is derived from the 16th century word ‘Disastere’ which is a combination of two terms, ‘Des’ meaning bad or evil and ‘Astre’ means star, thus ‘Disastere’ signifies a "Bad star or evil star’, (i.e. bad luck in spiritual terms). Disaster therefore was implying loss or damage occurring due to some unfavorable star. UNDRO (United Nations Disaster Relief Organization) has defined a disaster in more qualitative terms, ‘An event concentrated in time and space in which a community undergoes severe danger and incurs such losses to its members and physical APPERTENANCE that the social structure is disrupted and the fulfillment of all or some of the essential functions of the society is prevented’. However in modern consequences of knowledge, the term ‘disaster’ denotes any odd event, whether natural or man-made which can bring about sudden and great miseries to humanity in terms of loss of life and property. It also signifies misfortune at larger scale or a calamity of considerable amount of a section of humanity. Such calamities events may have sudden destructive impact or may create distress over an extended period. On the other hand , the alternative meanings are similar to that of catechism, catastrophe, tragedy or devastation.
For a rational definition following factors contribute in a typological manner, important are : multiple deaths, serious injuries, severe disruption of normal life pattern, considerable loss of life, livelihood, hardship, resources crunch, property damage, health hazards, epidemics, effect on social structure, damage to infrastructure, buildings, communication and other essentials. Considerable damage and disruption of needs such as shelters, food, clothing, medical assistance and social crisis, disasters involves high magnitude, low probability events, unpredicted and unexpected harm and become worthy of public attention.
All these factors convey an idea of the social stresses created by a disaster. It concentrates losses and implies the mobilization of emergency services. So a disaster can be regarded as particular emergency, suggesting thereby an intense time period and level of urgency. Term disaster is an unexpected happening causing a huge loss of life and property. It is natural as well as man-made. At University of Colarado (USA), NHRG (Natural Hazard Research Group) explains disasters only in terms of their impact upon people.
Global Disaster Trends: In a review of natural disasters trends since 1945, scientists have made observations. Worldwide there was an increase in the number of small and large natural disaster events during last half a century. More than 1000 causalities have remained relatively steady which has prompted the concern of hazard researches in the uneven distribution of these disasters. Most of the natural disasters were meteorological in origin, river flooding, coastal inundation from hurricanes and typhoons, accounting for then a third of all disasters during this period of time. Earthquakes, although for fever in number are more fatal. As more than half deaths attributed to natural disasters resulted from earthquakes.
J&K SCENARIO:
We understand that Community disaster preparedness training has begun in J&K state, wherein Divisional Disaster Management Cell, in collaboration with Civil Defense Organization J&K State, Red Cross Society, Fire & Emergency Services and district administration participated in August last. Forty youth mostly from Dal area and other areas of Srinagar city attended the training program, whose services have been proposed to be used as Civil Defense Volunteers. Such training programs need to be held district wise to register maximum number of youth for any future eventuality. At the same time we have been found lacking in formulation of Disaster Management Policy despite the fact that over 1150 lives are reported to have lost their lives in last six years in natural disasters. About 953 persons were killed in Kashmir earthquake in 2005 and 192 persons lost their lives in 2010 flash floods in Leh. We are caught up in usual dilly- dallying cobweb, when most of the other states like Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Orissa & Manipur have put in place comprehensive plans to mitigate natural disasters.
From the studies of the decade of Environmental Disasters of 1990’s, the tally of catechism including the northern Iran, Latur, Tehri, Gujarat and Muzaffarabad earthquakes, volcanic eruptions in Philippines, Alaska, flooding along Trinity, Red Arkansas, Texas and Perennial floods in Bangladesh followed by recent earthquakes, Gulf wars, Afghanistan and Iraq wars, Pentagon and World Trade Centre demolishing disasters, Mumbai terror attack, Palestine and Kashmir Conflict insurgency, last year’s cloud burst in Leh district of J&K State, recent damage to nuclear power stations in Japan, current famine in Somalia and studying the glimpses of the widespread environmental degradation at Global level, hurricanes, famines, wind storms and other extreme events are becoming more frequent. Some important records of past historical Tsunamis are:
1st November 1755-Earthquake cause Tsunami destroyed Lisbon killing over 60,000 people.
27th August 1883-Volcanic eruption created Tsunami from the Karakota Volcano drowning 36000 people.
15th June 1986- Tsunami in japan killed over 27000 people.
December 26th 2004-Tsunami has beaten all previous records being deadliest one till date killing more than one lakh and rendering several lakhs homeless. The strange observation made on the most-hit island of Indonesia was, that animals had migrated from the affected area and the aquatic life was not much damaged in Indian Ocean. Same thing happened during the Tehri- Gharwal earthquake, where most of the wild animals had migrated from the affected areas. This is Nature’s check and balance system. Similarly the past world records show that the death toll of the top ten Natural Disasters from 1945 to 2000 has ranged from 30,000 to 07 lakhs in different countries-the last being the 1967 earthquake in China. Again the ten Industrial and Chemical accidents show steady increase from 1947-Texas City explosion of Ammonium Nitrate to Bhopal accident in 1984 and Radio activity explosion in Chernobyl Russia in 1986 and Natural gas explosion in Acha Russia in 1989 ranging death toll from 317 to 3849. The number of major catastrophic events over the decade from 1990-2000 has increased three fold in comparison with the 1960’s.The rate of economic losses has also increased almost 9 times over the same period. 50% of the total population of the least developed countries is at great risk. Ironically more than 50 % of all natural disasters during the decade occurred in developing countries, in which more than 75% of all killed, hailed from these places and only 2% were shared by the highly developed countries.
As per IFRC (International Federation of Red Cross)-2001 report, on an average for every 22.5 person’s death in highly developed countries due to natural disasters, there is a figure of 145 deaths in developed countries. Notably Global warming, climate change to a great extent is influencing occurrence of storms, hurricanes, floods, draughts, land sliding and also intensity to great damage El-Nino, ozone depletion, extinction of biodiversity, rise of sea level, greenhouse effect etc. Only the El-Nino toll reached to 24,000 during 1997-98 due to high winds, floods, storms and surges, more than 10 million people were affected and 6 million displaced. However there is constant identification of hazards and response to hazard events. We have to learn lessons from the past to be ever ready to face the unwarranted consequences of the disasters and rise to the occasion both at the individual, state, national and International level. Certain provision in the organizations like UNDHA,UNDP,UNDRO,UNEP,UNESCO, UNOCHA,USCR and many other International agencies are actively working for disaster management and relief rehabilitation.
Disasters have been broadly categorized as: Natural, Man-made and Epidemic quarantine.The classification made by scientists is: (a)Climate-related, (b)Climate and water-related,(c)Earth-related,(d)Ocean-related,(e)Space-related,(f)Temperature-related.
The Natural Disasters covered in climate and wind related are as wind storms, hail storms, snow storms, cyclones, tornadoes, hurricanes, tidal waves, typhoons, willy willies, blizzards, fogs etc.
The climate and water related disasters cover : floods, erosion, dam-bursting, levee failure, cloud bursts, flash floods, heavy excessive rains, glaze stones, droughts, snow falls, cold waves, hail, frost etc.
The earth related also called geological include: earthquakes, tsunamis, avalanches, landslides, volcanic eruptions, rock falls, mud slides, subsidence, shifting sand etc.
The ocean related includes ocean currents.
The space related includes asteroid collisions, lightening etc.
The temperature related cover heat waves, white outs, forest fires.
The man-made disasters include wars, battles, hostile enemy actions, arson, sabotage, internal disturbance, riots, crowd violence, accident of vehicles, trains, aircrafts, ships, traffic accidents, transport accidents, industrial accidents, nuclear leaks or explosions, air pollutions, ecological famines, excess grain hoarding, food crises, epidemics, land degradation, toxic hazards, ozone depletion, contamination, HIV AIDS, population explosion, poverty, drugs, terrorism etc.
The epidemics inverting through inadequate quarantine, vector borne diseases, plague, water borne diseases, food poisoning, person to person diseases, wound complications etc.
The various aspects of disasters are: Geographical, Sociological, Developmental, Epidemiological, Human or Cultural, Ecological and Technical.
The technical aspect focuses on scientific and technical requirement of the disasters. The major thrust areas are seismology, volcanology, and geomorphology and geo-physical approaches.
After the Muzaffarabad earthquake in October 2005, the US geologists RB Bilan and K.Wallace confirmed in a conference in India that the Kangra region like other parts of the Himalayas are vulnerable to a future large earthquake of magnitude 8, despite having experience of 100 years ago. Scientists warned that since the population of Indo-Gangetic basin in India and Pakistan is larger than at any time in the history any future massive earthquake in Himalayas could have much greater impact on population than the Tsunami of 2004.International seismologists have warned that the western Himalayas may be on a stress state similar to that of Andaman plate boundary prior to 2004. The view is however refuted according to their research and evidences by H. Gupta and Negi -former directors.
THE PLANNED STRATEGY:
The Yokohama message emanating from the international decade for natural disaster reduction in May 1994 underlined the need for an emphatic shift in the strategy for disaster mitigation. It was inter-alia stressed that disaster prevention, mitigation, preparedness and relief are four elements which contribute to and gain, from the implementation of the sustainable development policies. These elements along with environmental protection and sustainable development, are closely inter related. Therefore, nations should incorporate them in their development plans and ensure efficient follow up measures at the community, sub-regional, regional, national and international levels. The Yokohama Strategy also emphasized that disaster prevention, mitigation and preparedness are better than disaster response in achieving the goals and objectives of vulnerability reduction. Disaster response alone is not sufficient as it yields only temporary results at a very high cost. Prevention and mitigation contribute to lasting improvement in safety and are essential to integrated disaster management.
The Government of India has adopted mitigation and prevention as essential components of their development strategy. The Tenth Five Year Plan document has a detailed chapter on Disaster Management. The plan emphasizes the fact that development cannot be sustainable without mitigation being built into developmental process. Each State is supposed to prepare a plan scheme for disaster mitigation in accordance with the approach outlined in the plan. In brief, mitigation is being institutionalized into developmental planning. The Finance Commission makes recommendations with regard to devolution of funds between the Central Government and State Governments as also outlays for relief and rehabilitation. The earlier Finance Commissions were mandated to look at relief and rehabilitation. The Terms of Reference of the Twelfth Finance Commission have been changed and the Finance Commission has been mandated to look at the requirements for mitigation and prevention apart from its existing mandate of looking at relief and rehabilitation. A Memorandum has been submitted to the Twelfth Finance Commission after consultation with States. The Memorandum proposes a Mitigation Fund.
The Government of India has issued guidelines that where there is a shelf of projects, projects addressing mitigation will be given a priority. It has also been mandated that each project in a hazard prone area will have disaster prevention/mitigation as a term of reference and the project document has to reflect as to how the project addresses that term of reference.
Measures for flood mitigation were taken from 1950 onwards. As against the total of 40 million hectares prone to floods, area of about 15 million hectares has been protected by construction of embankments. A number of dams and barrages have been constructed. The State Governments have been assisted to take up mitigation programs like construction of raised platforms etc. Floods continue to be a menace however mainly because of the huge quantum of silt being carried by the rivers emanating from the Himalayas. This silt has raised the bed level in many rivers to above the level of the countryside. Embankments have also given rise to problems of drainage with heavy rainfall leading to water logging in areas outside the embankment. To evolve both short-term and long-term strategy for flood management/erosion control, Government of India has recently constituted a Central Task Force under the Chairmanship of Chairman, Central Water Commission. The Task Force will examine causes of the problem of recurring floods and erosion in States and region prone to flood and erosion; and suggest short-term and long-term measures. The Task Force was to submit its report by December 2004. Due to erratic behavior of monsoons, both low and medium rain fall regions, which constitute about 68% of the total area, are vulnerable to periodical droughts. Our experience has been that almost every third year is a drought year. However, in some of the States, there may be successive drought years enhancing the vulnerability of the population in these areas. Local communities have devised indigenous safety mechanisms and drought oriented farming methods in many parts of the country. From the experience of managing the past droughts particularly the severe drought of 1987, a number of programs have been launched by the Government to mitigate the impact of drought in the long run. These programmes include Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP), Desert Development Programme (DDP), National Watershed Development Project for Rain fed Areas (NWDPRA), Watershed Development Programme for Shifting Cultivation (WDPSC), Integrated Water Development Project (IWDP), Integrated Afforestation and Eco-development Project Scheme (IAEPS).
Flood preparedness and response
In order to respond effectively to floods, Ministry of Home Affairs have initiated National Disaster Risk Management Programme in all the flood-prone States. Assistance is being provided to the States to draw up disaster management plans at the State, District, Block/Taluka and Village levels. Awareness generation campaigns to sensitize all the stakeholders on the need for flood preparedness and mitigation measures. Elected representatives and officials are being trained in flood disaster management under the programme. Bihar Orissa, West Bengal, Assam and Uttar Pradesh are among the 17 multi-hazard prone States where this programme is being implemented with UNDP. USAID and European Commission.
Earthquake Risk Mitigation
A comprehensive programme has been taken up for earthquake risk mitigation. Although, the BIS has laid down the standards for construction in the seismic zones, these were not being followed. The building construction in urban and suburban areas is regulated by the Town and Country Planning Acts and Building Regulations. In many cases, the Building regulations do not incorporate the BIS codes. Even where they do, the lack of knowledge regarding seismically safe construction among the architects and engineers as well as lack of awareness regarding their vulnerability among the population led to most of the construction in the urban/sub-urban areas being without reference to BIS standards. In the rural areas, the bulk of the housing is non-engineered construction. The mode of construction in the rural areas has also changed from mud and thatch to brick and concrete construction thereby increasing the vulnerability. The increasing population has led to settlements in vulnerable areas close to the river bed areas which are prone to liquefaction. The Government have moved to address these issues.
National Core Group for Earthquake Risk Mitigation
A
National Core Group for Earthquake Risk Mitigation has been constituted consisting of experts in earthquake engineering and administrators. The Core Group has been assigned with the responsibility of drawing up a strategy and plan of action for mitigating the impact of earthquakes; providing advice and guidance to the States on various aspects of earthquake mitigation; developing/organizing the preparation of handbooks/pamphlets/type designs for earthquake resistant construction; working out systems for assisting the States in the seismically vulnerable zones to adopt/integrate appropriate Bureau of Indian Standards codes in their building byelaws; evolving systems for training of municipal engineers as also practicing architects and engineers in the private sector in the salient features of Bureau of Indian Standards codes and the amended byelaws; evolving a system of certification of architects/engineers for testing their knowledge of earthquake resistant construction; evolving systems for training of masons and carry out intensive awareness generation campaigns.
Review of building bye-laws and their adoption
Most casualties during earthquakes are caused by the collapse of structures. Therefore structural mitigation measures are the key to make a significant impact towards earthquake safety in our country. In view of this the States in earthquake prone zones have been requested to review, and if necessary, amend their building bye-laws to incorporate the BIS seismic codes for construction in the concerned zones. Many States have initiated necessary action in this regard. An Expert Committee appointed by the Core Group on Earthquake Risk Mitigation has already submitted its report covering appropriate
amendments to the existing Town HYPERLINK "http://www.ndmindia.nic.in/EQProjects/VOLUME%20I%20Prop_Am_Legi_Regu_Addi%20Prov_for%20Na%20Haz%20in%20India.pdf"&HYPERLINK "http://www.ndmindia.nic.in/EQProjects/VOLUME%20I%20Prop_Am_Legi_Regu_Addi%20Prov_for%20Na%20Haz%20in%20India.pdf" Country Planning Acts, Land Use Zoning Regulation, Development Control Regulations & Building Bylaws, which could be used by the State Governments & the local bodies there-under to upgrade the existing legal instruments. The Model Building Bylaws also cover the aspect of ensuring technical implementation of the safety aspects in all new constructions & upgrading the strength of existing structurally vulnerable constructions. To facilitate the review of existing building byelaws and adoption of the proposed amendments by the State Governments & UT administrations, discussion workshops at regional level in the country are being organized. It is expected that all planning authorities and local bodies will soon have development control regulations and building byelaws which would include multi-hazard safety provisions.
Development and Revision of Codes
There are Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) codes which are relevant for multi-hazard resistant design and construction. These codes have to be regularly updated. An action plan has been drawn up for revision of existing codes, development of new codes and documents/commentaries, and making these codes and documents available all over the country including on-line access to these codes.
An Apex committee consisting of representatives of Ministry of Consumer Affairs, BIS and MHA has been constituted to review the mechanism and process of development of codes relevant to earthquake risk mitigation and establish a protocol for revision by BIS.
Hazard Safety Cells in States
The States have been advised to constitute
Hazard Safety Cells (HSC) headed by the Chief Engineer (Designs), State Public Works Department with necessary engineering staff so as to establish mechanism for proper implementation of the building codes in all future Govt. constructions, and to ensure the safety of buildings and structures from various hazards. The HSC will also be responsible for carrying out appropriate design review of all Government buildings to be constructed in the State, act as an advisory cell to the State Government on the different aspects of building safety against hazards and act as a consultant to the State Government for retrofitting of the lifeline buildings. Rajasthan, West Bengal and Chhatisgarh have already constituted these cells and other States are in the process.
National Programme for Capacity Building of Engineers and Architects in Earthquake Risk Mitigation
Two National Programmes for Capacity Building in Earthquake Risk Mitigation for
Engineers and Architects respectively, have been approved to assist the State Govts in building capacities for earthquake mitigation. These two programmes are being implemented for training of 10,000 engineers and 10,000 architects in the States in seismically safe building designs and related techno-legal requirements. Assistance is being provided to the State/UTs to build the capacities of more than 125 State Engineering Colleges and 110 Architecture Colleges to be able to provide advisory services to the State Govts to put in place appropriate techno-legal regime, assessment of building and infrastructures and their retrofitting. These institutions will function as State Resource Institutions. Twenty-one National level Engineering and Architecture Institutions have been designated as National Resource Institutes to train the faculty members of selected State Engineering and Architecture colleges. 450 engineering faculty members and 250 architecture faculty members of these State Resource Institutions will be trained during the current year.
Training of rural masons
A programme to assist the States/UTs in training and certification of 50000 masons has been formulated in consultation with Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO) and the Ministry of Rural Development. The training module for masons to include multi-hazard resistant construction has also been prepared by an expert committee, and revised curriculum will be introduced in the vocational training programme of Ministry of Human Resource Development.
Earthquake Engineering in Undergraduate Engineering/Architecture Curricula
The role of engineers and architects is crucial in reducing earthquake risks by ensuring that the construction adheres to the norms of seismically safety. In view of this, the elements of earthquake engineering are being integrated into the undergraduate engineering and architecture courses. The
model course curricula for adoption by various technical institutions and universities have been developed and circulated to the Universities and Technical Institutions for adoption in the under graduate curricula. Ministry of Home Affairs is working with All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE) and Council of Architecture (COA) for introduction of revised curricula for engineering and architecture course from 2005-2006.
Hospital Preparedness and Emergency Health Management in Medical Education
Hospital preparedness is crucial to any disaster response system. Each hospital should have an emergency preparedness plan to deal with mass casualty incidents and the hospital administration/ doctor trained for this emergency. The curriculum for medical doctors does not include Hospital Preparedness for emergencies. Therefore capacity building through in-service training of the current heath managers and medical personnel in Hospital Preparedness for emergencies or mass causality incident management is essential. At the same time, the future health managers must acquire these skills systematically through the inclusion of health emergency management in the undergraduate and post graduate medical curricula. In consultation with Medical Council of India(MCI), two committees have been constituted for preparation of curriculum for introduction of emergency health management in MBBS curriculum, and preparation of in-service training of Hospital Managers and Professionals. Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences Karnataka have been identified as the lead national resource institution for the purpose.
Retrofitting of Lifeline buildings
While these mitigation measures will take care of the new constructions, the problem of unsafe existing buildings stock would still remain. It will not be possible to address the entire existing building stock, therefore the life line buildings like hospitals, schools or buildings where people congregate like cinema halls, multi-storied apartments are being focused on. The States have been advised to have these buildings assessed and where necessary retrofitted. The Ministries of Civil Aviation, Railways, Telecommunication, Power and Health and Family Welfare have been advised to take up necessary action for detailed evaluation and retrofitting of lifeline buildings located in seismically vulnerable zones so as to ensure that they comply with BIS norms, Action plan have been drawn up by these Ministries for detailed vulnerability analysis and retrofitting/ strengthening of buildings and structures. The Ministry of Finance have been requested to advise the financial institutions to give loans for retrofitting on easy terms. Accordingly the Ministry of Finance had advised Reserve Bank of India to issue suitable instructions to all the Banks and Financial Institutions to see that BIS codes/bye laws are scrupulously followed while financing/refinancing construction activities in seismically vulnerable zones.
National Earthquake Risk Mitigation Project
An Earthquake Mitigation Project has been drawn up, with an estimated cost of Rs.1132 crore. The project has been given in-principle clearance by the Planning Commission. The programme includes detailed evaluation and retrofitting of lifeline buildings such as hospitals, schools, water and power supply units, telecommunication buildings, airports/airport control towers, railway stations, bus stands and important administrative buildings in the States in seismic zones IV and V. The programme also includes training of masons in earthquake resistant constructions. Besides, assistance will be provided under this project to the State Governments to put in place appropriate techno legal regime. Startup activities for implementation of this project have already been initiated.
Acceleration Urban Earthquake Vulnerability Reduction Programme
An accelerated urban
earthquake vulnerability reduction HYPERLINK "http://www.ndmindia.nic.in/EQProjects/ProgmDocmnt%20UEVRP.pdf"programmeHYPERLINK "http://www.ndmindia.nic.in/EQProjects/ProgmDocmnt%20UEVRP.pdf" has been taken up in 38 cities in seismic zones III, IV HYPERLINK "http://www.ndmindia.nic.in/EQProjects/ProgmDocmnt%20UEVRP.pdf"&HYPERLINK "http://www.ndmindia.nic.in/EQProjects/ProgmDocmnt%20UEVRP.pdf" V with population of half a million and above. 474 Orientation programmes have been organized for senior officers and representatives of the local planning and development bodies to sensitize them on earthquake preparedness and mitigation measures. The training programme for engineers and architects are being organized to impart knowledge about seismically safe construction and implementation of BIS norms. So far 1088 engineers and 825 architects have been trained. For enhanced school safety, education programmes have been organized in schools, colleges and other educational institutions. This programme will be further extended to 166 earthquake prone districts in seismic zones IV & V. Awareness generation programmes, community and neighbourhood organizations have been started in these cities. These cities are also being assisted to review and amend their building bye-laws to incorporate multi hazard safety provisions. City Disaster Management Plans are being developed under the project. Nine Cities have prepared city Disaster Management Plans.
Mainstreaming Mitigation in Rural Development Schemes
Rural housing and community assets for vulnerable sections of the population are created at a fairly large scale by the Ministry of Rural Development under the Indira Awas Yojna(IAY) and Sampooran Grameen Rojgar Yojna(SGRY). About 250 thousand small but compact housing units are constructed every year, besides community assets such as community centres, recreation centres, anganwadi centres etc. Technology support is provided by about two hundred rural housing centres spread over the entire country. The Ministry of Home Affairs is working with the Ministry of Rural Development for changing the guidelines so that the houses constructed under IAY or school buildings/community buildings constructed under SGRY are earthquake/cyclone/flood resistant; as also that the schemes addressing mitigation are given priority under SGRY. Ministry of Rural Development are carrying out an exercise for this purpose.
This initiative is expected to go a long way in popularization of seismically safe construction at village/block level .
National Cyclone Mitigation Project
A project for Cyclone Mitigation (estimated cost Rs. 1050 crore) has been drawn up in consultation with the cyclone prone States. This project envisages construction of cyclone shelters, coastal shelter belt plantation in areas which are prone to storm surges, strengthening of warning systems, training and education etc. This project has also been given in-principle clearance by the Planning Commission and is being taken up with World Bank assistance.
Landslide Hazard Mitigation
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National Core GrouHYPERLINK "http://www.ndmindia.nic.in/EQProjects/core_landslide.pdf"p has been constituted under the Chairmanship of Secretary, Border Management and comprising of Secretary, Department of Science and Technology, Secretary, Road Transport & Highways, and the Heads of Geological Survey of India and National Remote Sensing Agency for drawing up a strategy and plan of action for mitigating the impact of landslides, provide advise and guidance to the State Governments on various aspects of landslide mitigation, monitor the activities relating to landslide mitigation including landslide hazard zonation and to evolve early warning systems and protocols for landslides/landslide risk reduction. The Government have designated Geological Survey of India (GSI) as the nodal agency responsible for coordinating/ undertaking geological studies, landslides hazard zonation, monitoring landslides/avalanches, studying the factors responsible and suggesting precautionary and preventive measure. The States/UTs have been requested to share the list of habitation close to landslide prone areas in order to supplement GSI’s on going assessment of such areas based on the Survey of India’s Toposheet and their existing data base on landslide for the purpose of landslide hazard zonation being carried out by them. A national strategy for mitigating landslide hazard in the country is being drawn up in consultation with all the agencies concerned.
Disaster Risk Management Programme
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Disaster Risk Management HYPERLINK "http://www.ndmindia.nic.in/EQProjects/goiundp2.0.pdf"Programme has been taken up in 169 districts in 17 multi-hazard prone States with the assistance from UNDP, USAID and European Union. Under this project, the States are being assisted to draw up State, district and Block level disaster management plans; village disaster management plans are being developed in conjunction with the Panchayati Raj Institutions and disaster management teams consisting of village volunteers are being trained in various preparedness and response functions such as search and rescue, first aid, relief coordination, shelter management etc. Equipment needs for district and State Emergency Operation Centres have been identified by the State nodal agencies and equipment is being provided to equip these EOCs. Orientation training of masons, engineers and architects in disaster resistant technologies have been initiated in these districts and construction of model demonstration buildings will be started soon.
Under this programme Disaster Management Plans have been prepared for 8643 villages, 1046 Gram Panchayat, 188 blocks and 82 districts. More than 29000 elected representatives of Panchayati Raj Institutions have already been trained, besides imparting training to members of voluntary organizations. About 18000 Government functionaries have been trained in disaster mitigation and preparedness at different levels. 865 engineers and 425 architects have been trained under this programme in vulnerability assessment and retrofitting of lifeline buildings. 600 master trainers and 1200 teachers have already been trained in different districts in disaster preparedness and mitigation. Disaster Management Committees consisting of elected representatives, civil society members, Civil Defence volunteers and Government functionaries have been constituted at all levels including village/urban local body/ward levels. Disaster Management Teams have been constituted in villages and are being imparted training in basic functions of first aid, rescue, evacuation and related issues. The thrust of the programme is to build up capabilities of the community since the community is invariably the first responder. During the recent past, it has been experienced that the capacity building of the community has been very helpful even in normal situations when isolated instances of drowning, burns etc. take place. With the creation of awareness generation on disaster mitigation, the community will be able to function as a well-knit unit in case of any emergency. Mock drills are carried out from time to time under the close supervision of Disaster Management Committees. The Disaster Management Committees and Disaster Management Teams have been established by notifications issued by the State Governments which will ensure that the entire system is institutionalized and does not disintegrate after the conclusion of the programme. The key points being stressed under this programme are the need to ensure sustainability of the programme, development of training modules; manuals and codes, focused attention to awareness generation campaigns; institutionalization of disaster management committees and disaster management teams, disaster management plans and mock-drills and establishment of techno-legal regimes.
Awareness generation
Recognizing that awareness about vulnerabilities is a sine qua non for inducing a mindset of disaster prevention, mitigation and preparedness, the Government has initiated a nation-wide awareness generation campaign as part of its overall disaster risk management strategy. In order to devise an effective and holistic campaign, a steering committee for mass media campaign has been constituted at the national level with due representation of experts from diverse streams of communication. The Committee has formulated a campaign strategy aimed at changing peoples’ perception of natural hazards and has consulted the agencies and experts associated with advertising and media to instill a culture of safety against natural hazards. Apart from the use of print and electronic media, it is proposed to utilize places with high public visibility viz. hospitals, schools, railway stations and bus terminals, airports and post offices, commercial complexes and municipality offices etc. to make people aware of their vulnerabilities and promote creation of a safe living environment. A novel method being tried is the use of government stationery viz. postal letters, bank stationery, railway tickets, airline boarding cards and tickets etc. for disseminating the message of disaster risk reduction. Slogans and messages for this purpose have already been developed and have been communicated to concerned Ministries/agencies for printing and dissemination. The mass media campaign will help build the knowledge, attitude and skills of the people in vulnerability reduction and sustainable disaster risk management measures.
Disaster Awareness in School Curriculum
Disaster management as a subject in Social Sciences has been introduced in the school curriculum for
Class VIII & IX. The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) which has introduced the curriculum runs a very large number of schools throughout the country and the course curriculum is invariably followed by the State Boards of Secondary Education. Teachers are being trained to teach disaster management Syllabus for Class X is being finalized and will be introduced in the course curriculum soon. The State Governments have been advised to take similar steps vis-à-vis their school boards. Several Provincial Governments have already introduced the same curriculum in Class VII. Ministry is working with the Council of Board of School Education (COBSE) to facilitate inclusion of disaster management in public education in all 39 School Boards in the country.
Information, Education and Communication
In order to assist the State Governments in capacity building and awareness generation activities and to learn from past experiences including sharing of best practices, the Ministry of Home Affairs has compiled/prepared a set of resource materials developed by various organisations/institutions to be replicated and disseminated by State Governments based on their vulnerabilities after translating it into the local languages. The voluminous material which runs in about 10000 pages has been divided into 4 broad sections in 7 volumes. These sections cover planning to cope with disasters; education and training; construction toolkit; and information, education and communication toolkit including multi-media resources on disaster mitigation and preparedness. The Planning section contains material for analyzing a community’s risk, development of Preparedness. Mitigation and disaster management plans, coordinating available resources and implementing measures for risk reduction. The model bye-laws, DM Policy, Act and model health sector plan have also been included. Education and Training includes material for capacity building and upgradation of skills of policy makers, administrators, trainers, engineers etc. in planning for and mitigating against natural disasters. Basic and detailed training modules in disaster preparedness have been incorporated along with training methodologies for trainers, for community preparedness and manuals for training at district, block, panchayat and village levels. For creating a disaster-resistant building environment, the Construction Toolkit addresses the issue of seismic resistant construction and retrofitting of existing buildings. BIS Codes, manuals and guidelines for RCC, Masonry and other construction methodologies as also for repair and retrofitting of masonry and low-rise buildings have been included. IEC material seeks to generate awareness to induce mitigation and preparedness measures for risk reduction. Material and strategies used by various States and international organizations, including tips on different hazards, have been incorporated along with multi-media CDs on disasters. The material has been disseminated to all the State Governments/UT Administrations with the request to have the relevant material, based on the vulnerability of each district, culled out, translated into local languages and disseminate it widely down to the village level.
Special Focus to Northeastern States
A special focus is being given to North-Eastern States and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands. The North-Eastern Council has been made the nodal agency for the NE States. The NEC has been provided with a resource person/advisor in disaster management. A detailed presentation on the vulnerabilities of the NE region and the need for comprehensive disaster management plan has been made in the Governing Body of NE Council. An action plan has been drawn up by NEC and a declaration namely "Shillong Declaration" has been adopted by States in the NE region for integrating disaster management with development planning. 140 officials and non-officials have been trained in disaster management to act as resource persons for the NE region. State and district level sensitization and training programmes are being carried out. During serious disaster situations, the major challenges are the protection of human beings, animal lives, properties and the vital life supporting infrastructure necessary for disaster mitigation.Taking care of the natural resources and managing them wisely assures the survival of future progeny and reduces the risk that natural and man-made hazaeds pose to people living at present. Advanced disaster management technology can provide a critical support system to disaster management authorities during the situation of disaster related crises. In the pre-disaster evaluation, fixed satellite communication terminals can be installed for environmental monitoring, communication links etc. so that post disaster recovery operations can be carried out efficiently. Along with disaster preparedness, proper management of the environmental features like air, land, water, forests, wastes and many more may be set up in reducing the risks and hazards. In view of the restricted applicability and limited potential to reduce the impact of disasters of the traditional technologies. The need has arisen of the application of modern technologies in disaster management, wherever and whenever possible. In this connection space technology, modern information and communication systems, renewable energy,advanced medical diagnostics, remotely operated robotic systems for rescue and relief operations need to be taken advantage of.
Early warning, information of temporary shelters, effects of incoming disaster, evacuation plans and implementation through the use of modern communication system and network coupled with the application of modern technologies in disaster preparedness, search and rescue of survivors, energy and power supply, food supply, storage and safety, water supply, purification and treatment and many more, could serve as timely and vital disaster mitigation tools.The various prevention and mitigation measures outlined above are aimed at building up the capabilities of the communities, voluntary organizations and Government functionaries at all levels. Particular stress is being laid on ensuring that these measures are institutionalized considering the vast population and the geographical area of the country. This is a major task being undertaken by the Government to put in place mitigation measures for vulnerability reduction. This is just a beginning. The ultimate goal is to make prevention and mitigation a part of normal day-to-day life. The above mentioned initiatives will be put in place and information disseminated over a period of five to eight years. We have a firm conviction that with these measures in place, we could say with confidence that disasters like Orissa cyclone and Bhuj earthquake will not be allowed to recur in this country; at least not at the cost, which the country has paid in these two disasters in terms of human lives, livestock, loss of property and means of livelihood.USEFUL DATA ABOUT NATURAL DISASTERS
Earthquakes and volcanoes are among the most violent and unpredictable of all nature’s forces. High risk areas are along plate margins and coastlines. Some of to-day’s largest cities, including Tokyo, Los Angels and Mexico City have been built in these dangerous zones.
Facts and Figures:
The largest earthquake ever was recorded off the coast of Chile on May 22, 1960. It measured 9.5 on the Richter scale.
The Montagua earthquake in Guatamala in 1976 made more than one million people homeless. It also caused US $ 1.25 billion worth of damages.
The largest volcanic eruption ever recorded was Krakata in Indonesia in 1883. The blast was heard 4635 kms. away and the collapse of the volcano caused 150 m waves in the nearby Sunda Strait.
The largest volcano eruption of the 20th century in the USA was NOvarupta in Alaska in 1912. The eruption produced 21 sq, kms. of volcanic material.
The largest death toll from a tsunami was on the most-hit island of Indonesia in December 2004. Over one lakh people got killed and several lakhs were rendered homeless.
Destructive Forces:
Avalanches, landslides, giant waves and violent weather have been the cause of terrible catastrophes. As our understanding of these and other dangerous natural phenomena improves so does our ability to predict them and take measures to minimize the destruction they cause.
Guarding against earthquakes and volcanoes:
01. Earth movements are monitored globally using instuments called seismometers. These pick up the minor vibrations which often preced major earthquake.
02. Volcanoes often ‘bulge’ before an eruption as magma slowly rises in to them. Tiltmeters placed on a volcano can measure this and warn of an impeding eruption.
03. Modern buildings are designed to withstand shocks in locations that are susceptible to earthquakes.
04. Emergency evacuation plans have been put in place by countries most at risk particularly in Europe, the USA and Japan.
Avalanches and Land Slides:
Avalanches and Land Slides are the rapid mass movement of either snow and ice or earth under gravity. They are triggered by a number of factors.
Weight: A heavy snowfall can provide enough extra weight to destabilize a sloping snowfield causing it to slide downhill, often taking rocks and trees with it.
Water: Excessive rainfall or seeping ground water can destabilize and lubricate soil on a slope causing it to slide.
Earthquakes: The vibrations from earthquake can destabilize both earth and snow causing landslides and avalanches.
Noise: Vibrations caused by loud noises can trigger avalanches. Gunfire in the European Alps during the first World War is known to hasve caused several avalanches.
Explosion: Avalanches can also be started by explosions in many places where avalanches are a threat, they are set off artificially by causing controlled explosions.
Volcanoes: Volcanic eruptions are often associated with landslides and lahars. Lahars are mud flows caused when water from a crater lake or melted snow from the summit and sides of an erupting volcano, mixes with ash and slides downhill.
Tsunami: The devastation tsunami can cause is legendary. Tsunami monitoring stations have been established in the Pacific since 1949. Although these provide an early warning system, there is little defensive action that can be taken other than evacuation.
Storms: A storm is a violent disturbance in the atmosphere with wind speeds of 90 km/hr or higher- force 10 or above on the Beaufort scale. There are about 1600 storms taking place around the world at any one time,
Worldwide danger zones: Severe storms occur most frequently around Antarctica and the North Pole. However because of their remoteness these are rarely a danger to large number of people. The majority of truly devastating storms occur in the tropics, within about 23 degrees either side of the equator. This area includes densely populated cities and countries. Storms have different names, like hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons, depending upon their locations.
Floods: Floods can be caused by high tides, tsunamis or heavy rainfall. River floods can be exacerbated by deforestation upstream. This is the principal cause of the floods that have devastated Bangladesh in recent decades.
Facts and Figures:
The most rain recorded over 24 hours was 187 cms. On the island of Reunion in the Indian Ocean in March 1962.
A water spout ( a whirlwind that sucks up water ) struck the leading boats in the 2001 Sydeny to Hobart Yacht race.
The longest lightening flash on record measured 30 kms.
The most people killed by a single lightening flash was 81 passengers of a jet that crashed after being struck on December 8, 1963 above Maryland, USA.
The most people killed by hailstorms was 246 in a storm in the city of Muradabad, India on April 20, 1988.
Australian meteorologist Clement L. Wragg introduced naming of hurricanes in 1887.
Recent hurricane that struck east coast of USA in August 2011 had a devastating effect on the people living there.
Incidence of frequent shocks of earthquakes in last week of August in our region has caused alarm all around.
References:
* Paper presented by Er. Mohammad ashraf Fazili FIE in the seminar on 15th September 2011- the 44th Engineers day in the Institution of Engineers J&K State Centre srinagar.
*Disaster Management- Dimensions and Implications by Prof. Dr. Mohammad Bashir Magrey- published in April 2007.
* Readers Digest- Facts and figures on fingertips - published in 2002.www.readersdigest.com.au
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